HEART: Disease: Heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Myocardial infarction with severe damage to left ventricular function and valvular heart disease continue to affect many people causing morbidity and mortality (Weber et al. 2013). Valvular heart disease includes a condition called valvular stenosis, in which the tissues of the valves become stiffer and fail to open properly, resulting in a narrowing of the valve opening. This causes blood flow to decrease due to the inability to flow fully, which can result in the body not receiving adequate blood flow. Myocardial infarction is the death of cells in an area of ​​the myocardium. This causes a lack of oxygen caused by a blockage in the blood supply also known as a heart attack. The left ventricle is the common site of MI, which is the hardest-working chamber of the heart. This causes the formation of fibrotic scars and permanent impairment of cardiac function (Zammaretti 2004). Tissue changes in the myocardium are associated with how much the cells have been deprived of oxygen. This...