This causes memory distortion because people use a schema when reconstructing. Many people have a prejudice about what should happen during a crime or who is most likely to commit it. Similar to falsely remembering books in a graduate student's office because that's what's expected, these biases can affect the accuracy of a witness's recalled memory. Cross-over bias is a memory bias. It is difficult to remember a face if it is of a different race or ethnicity. Combined with the misinformation that can occur during an investigation, the witness can misidentify a suspect during a confrontation and ultimately get an innocent person punished for a crime they did not commit, similar to the case seen in class. This is why the authors suggest the use of sequential rather than simultaneous training. Howe (2013) focuses on the development of childhood memory and why adults' recall of childhood events can be faulty. There are four main reasons why it is difficult to remember early childhood events. The first reason is that the child's semantic memory, or memory for general facts and knowledge, is not as developed. They don't understand certain concepts, so they can't encode them into theirs