Law enforcement uses various methods to solve all types of crimes. Having a variety of ways to help solve an investigation gives officials an advantage. If one method fails or is not helpful, there are many others they can rely on. For example, if there are no physical witnesses to a crime, the criminal may have left a fingerprint at the crime scene. An individual's fingerprint is unique, “no two people have exactly the same ridge arrangement” (“Fingerprint ID”). Fingerprints of criminals and civilians are collected and stored. Additionally, “people applying for government jobs, jobs that handle sensitive information, banking jobs, teaching jobs, law enforcement jobs, and any jobs that involve security issues may be detected” (“The first document of identity"). Fingerprints are processed within hours and minutes through the integrated automated fingerprint identification system. This system was developed in 1991 and made it easier for different law enforcement agencies to store and share fingerprints. Forensic scientists can extract sperm from a rape victim and use it to identify the criminal. The extracted sperm contains traces of DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is “the hereditary material in humans and nearly all other organisms” (“What is DNA?”). Similar to fingerprints, no two people have identical DNA, with the exception of identical twins. The FBI began using DNA testing in criminal investigations in 1998 (Hays). In 1994, Congress authorized the Combined DNA Index System, also known as CODIS (Hays). This is a system of DNA records from national, state, and local crime laboratories (Hays). Contains more than four million DNA samples from convicted perpetrators and more than 160,000 samples of crime scene evidence (Hays)...... half of the document...... National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) - Homepage. Np, nd Web. December 18, 2013. Nobili, James. "US debates security and privacy 12 years after 9/11." Used today. The Des Moines Register, September 11, 2013. Web. November 1, 2013. Prime, Raymond J. and Jonathan Newman. “The Impact of DNA on Policing: Past, Present, and Future.” Chief of Police Oct.-Nov. 2007: 1-5. Print.Reaves, Jessica. “Amber Alert: Does it work?” TIME. Np, March 13, 2003. Web. November 28, 2013. Ross, Brian. “While America Slept: The True Story of 9/11.” Abcnews. Np, nd Web. December 19, 2013. Smith, Patricia. "I'm looking at you." The New York Times Upfront September 2, 2013: 6-7. Print.Sullivan, Sean. “NSA Chief: Surveillance Helped Thwart More than 50 Terrorist Plots.” Washington Post. Np, June 18, 2013. Web. Nov. 11, 2013. “Surveillance under the U.S. Patriot Act.” (nd): n. page 10 December 2010. Web. 1 November. 2013.