We can explore the other capabilities of the brain. The two main distinctions of long-term memory are a declarative/explicit memory and a non-declarative/implicit memory. The first information from the store that requires conscious recall. This memory can be further divided into two subdivisions: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic refers to memories of personal experiences, including the time and place of these events. While semantic memory retains the knowledge we have obtained through education, such as worldly facts and history. Studies and observations on the subdivisions of Spiers et al (2001) found that the two were markedly different. He examined 147 cases of amnesiac patients with damage to the hippocampal area and found that in all cases there were disturbances in episodic memory, but no substantial damage to semantic memory. However, the reason why this happens is still being studied. On the other hand, nondeclarative memory stores learned skills that can be retrieved unconsciously, allowing individuals to perform actions mechanically. This can also be divided into two categories: procedural memory and priming. Procedural memory involves skills such as riding a bicycle or tying your shoes; these motor actions do not require any thought or conscious effort in most cases. Finally, priming refers to how prior exposure to a stimulus influences the processing of a subsequent stimulus, both of which share a relationship. For example, an individual who is presented with an auditory stimulus of a dog allows a subsequent auditory stimulus of a dog to become easier to recognize, due to their connection. Therefore, the first audio would be called first, which helps the processing of the audio when it is presented the second time. Henry Gustav Molaison (1926-2008), commonly known as HM, was a patient suffering from amnesia, from whom particularly influential studies developed in the development of the understanding of memory. The patient suffered from severe epilepsy, which involved surgical removal of the medial temporal lobe and parts of the hippocampus and amygdala. Through the surgery his epilepsy improved, however, the consequences came in the form of anterograde amnesia, which impaired his ability to create new memories. Despite his difficulty forming new declarative memories, his procedural and short-term memory, which Alan Baddeley (1974) calls working memory, remained intact. Brenda Milner (1957) also learned that her digit span was completely normal and observed this when she tested her ability to repeat speaking numbers, which she was able to do perfectly - however her memorization of those numbers only occurred for a number of seconds, due to brain damage. Milner also tested HM's fine motor skills by presenting him with a mirror tracing task, in which he would draw the outline of images in front of him simply by looking in the mirror. His performance on the task gradually improved over time as he was able to unconsciously retrieve this skill memory, however, he was unable to actually remember learning it or practicing it every time. This shows that perhaps there is some shift from short-term to long-term memory, particularly when it comes to skills learned unconsciously. HM's observation led to the belief that removing or damaging the hippocampus can result in a deficit in long-term memory, HM was able to provide us with some of the first information about anterograde amnesia and the case study shows that long-term memory is not necessarilyindefinite and stored only in the hippocampus as HM was able to recall memories before his surgery. Through amnesia studies a double dissociation has also been established, in this case it is where short term memory and long term memory are linked so that both can be damaged but with the other still intact. Patients with amnesia typically experience long-term memory impairment with little or no impairment of short-term memory. This is generally caused by damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus, thus affecting episodic memory. The opposite can also occur but is rarer; patients may suffer short-term memory impairment with intact long-term memory. This is usually caused by damage to the parietal and temporal lobes. Furthermore, patients with semantic dementia do not have semantic memory recovery while their episodic memory is unaffected. In contrast, patients suffering from amnesia have an episodic memory deficit, however their semantic memory remains quite intact. To conclude, the various studies on amnesia have provided us with crucial information that is critical for developing evidential theories of memory. Both psychologists and neurologists have been able to systematically divide and organize the different sectors that make up memory, their differences, and the distinct way they work together to retain information. It has also aided in understanding the functionality of the brain in relation to memory. However, since our knowledge is predominantly based on case studies and their findings, it is difficult to then generalize to a larger population, as these studies are largely based on unique individual cases. In contrast, anterograde amnesia is described as the inability to acquire and retain new information, after the development of amnesia. This type of amnesia represents a breakdown in the retention processes established starting from the second phase, since the brain completely lacks the ability to transfer information into long-term memory. Patients are able to collect information, but this is retained for a significantly shorter period of time, even a few seconds. Although this is the worst of the two types as there is no cure, but at the same time it is the most interesting aspect of amnesia as we are able to explore the other capabilities of the brain. The two main distinctions of long-term memory are a declarative/explicit memory and a non-declarative/implicit memory. The first information from the store that requires conscious recall. This memory can be further divided into two subdivisions: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic refers to memories of personal experiences, including the time and place of these events. While semantic memory retains the knowledge we have obtained through education, such as worldly facts and history. Studies and observations on the subdivisions of Spiers et al (2001) found that the two were markedly different. He examined 147 cases of amnesiac patients with damage to the hippocampal area and found that in all cases there were disturbances in episodic memory, but no substantial damage to semantic memory. However, the reason why this happens is still being studied. On the other hand, nondeclarative memory stores learned skills that can be retrieved unconsciously, allowing individuals to perform actions mechanically. This can also be divided into two categories: procedural memory and priming. Procedural memory involves skills such as riding a bicycle or tying your shoes; these motor actions require no thought or conscious effort in most cases.

Topic > We can explore the other capabilities of the brain. The two main distinctions of long-term memory are a declarative/explicit memory and a non-declarative/implicit memory. The first information from the store that requires conscious recall. This memory can be further divided into two subdivisions: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic refers to memories of personal experiences, including the time and place of these events. While semantic memory retains the knowledge we have obtained through education, such as worldly facts and history. Studies and observations on the subdivisions of Spiers et al (2001) found that the two were markedly different. He examined 147 cases of amnesiac patients with damage to the hippocampal area and found that in all cases there were disturbances in episodic memory, but no substantial damage to semantic memory. However, the reason why this happens is still being studied. On the other hand, nondeclarative memory stores learned skills that can be retrieved unconsciously, allowing individuals to perform actions mechanically. This can also be divided into two categories: procedural memory and priming. Procedural memory involves skills such as riding a bicycle or tying your shoes; these motor actions do not require any thought or conscious effort in most cases. Finally, priming refers to how prior exposure to a stimulus influences the processing of a subsequent stimulus, both of which share a relationship. For example, an individual who is presented with an auditory stimulus of a dog allows a subsequent auditory stimulus of a dog to become easier to recognize, due to their connection. Therefore, the first audio would be called first, which helps the processing of the audio when it is presented the second time. Henry Gustav Molaison (1926-2008), commonly known as HM, was a patient suffering from amnesia, from whom particularly influential studies developed in the development of the understanding of memory. The patient suffered from severe epilepsy, which involved surgical removal of the medial temporal lobe and parts of the hippocampus and amygdala. Through the surgery his epilepsy improved, however, the consequences came in the form of anterograde amnesia, which impaired his ability to create new memories. Despite his difficulty forming new declarative memories, his procedural and short-term memory, which Alan Baddeley (1974) calls working memory, remained intact. Brenda Milner (1957) also learned that her digit span was completely normal and observed this when she tested her ability to repeat speaking numbers, which she was able to do perfectly - however her memorization of those numbers only occurred for a number of seconds, due to brain damage. Milner also tested HM's fine motor skills by presenting him with a mirror tracing task, in which he would draw the outline of images in front of him simply by looking in the mirror. His performance on the task gradually improved over time as he was able to unconsciously retrieve this skill memory, however, he was unable to actually remember learning it or practicing it every time. This shows that perhaps there is some shift from short-term to long-term memory, particularly when it comes to skills learned unconsciously. HM's observation led to the belief that removing or damaging the hippocampus can result in a deficit in long-term memory, HM was able to provide us with some of the first information about anterograde amnesia and the case study shows that long-term memory is not necessarilyindefinite and stored only in the hippocampus as HM was able to recall memories before his surgery. Through amnesia studies a double dissociation has also been established, in this case it is where short term memory and long term memory are linked so that both can be damaged but with the other still intact. Patients with amnesia typically experience long-term memory impairment with little or no impairment of short-term memory. This is generally caused by damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus, thus affecting episodic memory. The opposite can also occur but is rarer; patients may suffer short-term memory impairment with intact long-term memory. This is usually caused by damage to the parietal and temporal lobes. Furthermore, patients with semantic dementia do not have semantic memory recovery while their episodic memory is unaffected. In contrast, patients suffering from amnesia have an episodic memory deficit, however their semantic memory remains quite intact. To conclude, the various studies on amnesia have provided us with crucial information that is critical for developing evidential theories of memory. Both psychologists and neurologists have been able to systematically divide and organize the different sectors that make up memory, their differences, and the distinct way they work together to retain information. It has also aided in understanding the functionality of the brain in relation to memory. However, since our knowledge is predominantly based on case studies and their findings, it is difficult to then generalize to a larger population, as these studies are largely based on unique individual cases. In contrast, anterograde amnesia is described as the inability to acquire and retain new information, after the development of amnesia. This type of amnesia represents a breakdown in the retention processes established starting from the second phase, since the brain completely lacks the ability to transfer information into long-term memory. Patients are able to collect information, but this is retained for a significantly shorter period of time, even a few seconds. Although this is the worst of the two types as there is no cure, but at the same time it is the most interesting aspect of amnesia as we are able to explore the other capabilities of the brain. The two main distinctions of long-term memory are a declarative/explicit memory and a non-declarative/implicit memory. The first information from the store that requires conscious recall. This memory can be further divided into two subdivisions: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic refers to memories of personal experiences, including the time and place of these events. While semantic memory retains the knowledge we have obtained through education, such as worldly facts and history. Studies and observations on the subdivisions of Spiers et al (2001) found that the two were markedly different. He examined 147 cases of amnesiac patients with damage to the hippocampal area and found that in all cases there were disturbances in episodic memory, but no substantial damage to semantic memory. However, the reason why this happens is still being studied. On the other hand, nondeclarative memory stores learned skills that can be retrieved unconsciously, allowing individuals to perform actions mechanically. This can also be divided into two categories: procedural memory and priming. Procedural memory involves skills such as riding a bicycle or tying your shoes; these motor actions require no thought or conscious effort in most cases.