Sialendoscopy is an emerging minimally invasive procedure used as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in a number of non-neoplastic pathologies of the salivary glands such as sialolithiasis and other obstructive disorders. Sialendoscopy is a superior diagnostic tool compared to other imaging modalities used for obstructive diseases. The technique uses a small probe connected to a camera and inserted into the salivary glands through the salivary ducts. The latest innovation of miniaturized endoscopic imaging instruments has brought a revolutionary change to the field of sialendoscopy. Preservation of gland function and alleviation of obstruction constitute the main advantage of sialendoscopy. Currently, sialendoscopy is used to treat sialolithiasis, stricture dilation, and as a therapeutic aid for recurrent juvenile sialadenitis, radioactive iodine-induced sialadenitis, and patients suffering from recurrent sialadenitis from autoimmune processes such as Sjogren's syndrome and lupus systemic erythematosus. This article presents a review of the literature on the history of sialendoscopy, instrumental techniques and its significance as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in salivary gland disorders. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Obstructive sialadenitis is the most common non-neoplastic disorder of the salivary glands and accounts for approximately half of benign salivary gland diseases. 1 Obstructive sialadenitis frequently affects the submandibular gland (80% to 90%) followed by the parotid (5% to 10%) and sublingual (less than 1%) glands. 2 Sialolithiasis, strictures, mucus plugs, polyps, foreign bodies, external compression or changes in the anatomical ductal systems constitute the main etiological factors. (STRYCHOWSKY AMERICAN MED ASSOC 2012) Initial treatment of obstructive sialadenitis is usually conservative with hydration, stimulation of salivary flow, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics when a bacterial infection is suspected. (CAARTA ACTA OTORHINOLOGIA 2017) The surgical protocol (including papillotomy and gland removal) may be indicated for recalcitrant lesions. 3 (STRYCHOWSKY AMERICAN MED ASSOC 2012) Although conservative therapy does not provide a permanent cure, surgical management may be associated with potential nerve damage (marginal mandibular nerve, hypoglossal nerve, lingual nerve, and facial nerve), [1] poor cosmetic outcomes , gustatory sweating (aurioculotemporal syndrome) and paresthesias. (DEENDAYAL OTOLARINGOLOGY 2016) With the introduction of sialendoscopy, the management of salivary gland obstruction has undergone a revolutionary change. 5 (CAARTA ACTA OTORHINOLOGIA 2017) 3 Sialendoscopy has evolved over the last two decades as an ideal investigative and therapeutic tool for salivary gland pathologies. (PP SINGH IND J OTOLARING HEAD AND NECK 2015) Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that incorporates a small-caliber endoscope and facilitates direct examination of the salivary ductal system. (ATINEZA 2015 BRITISH ASSOC OF ORAL SURG) The anatomical description of the ductal system of the major salivary glands was documented for the first time already at the end of the 17th century. In 1990, Konigsberger et al. pioneered salivary endoscopy and used a flexible 0.8 mm endoscope.1,2 This was followed by Katz, who performed sialendoscopy using a flexible endoscope and basket, and a wide range of sialendoscopy instruments and methods were further delineated by Nahlieli et al. al. and Marchal.3,4 I).