5.1 Introduction Structurally, the Salt Range is the result of tectonic forces imposed during the lateral phases of the Himalayan orogeny in the late Cenozoic; the presence of the thick and incompetent Salt Range formation at the base of the sedimentary sequence strongly influenced the structure.5.2 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE PAIL-BAHDRAR AREA The structural features were essentially the result of the gravitational flow process (a tectonic diaprisim) involving the highly incompetent sequence subsurface flow of the Salt Range Formation, which consists of crystalline red chalky marls, gypsum, anhydrite, salt lenses, and occasional dolomites and oil shales, due to differential loading caused by the excavation of canyons and ravines by processes erosive. The mechanism could be defined as non-tectonic (gravitative) surface diaprisim. According to Peter and Badgely (1965), "That difference in specific gravity may be the main motivating force for structural uplift of various types, including salt domes." The main structural features of the Central Salt Range study area include a series of broad flat syncline surfaces separated by rather narrow and sharp-crested anticlines. As in inverted topography, the synclines occupy spurs, transverse or oblique to the main east-west structural trend of the homocline. The anticlines occur along deeply eroded gorges and canyons, known locally as Wahans. The lateral currents also appear to follow anticlinal trends. The axial lines of various anticlines and synclines show no particular parallelism. This inverted topography is the result of the gravitational flow process (a tectonic diapirism) due to differential loading or unloading caused by valley excavation. As for faulting,...... middle of paper ..... .f plastic rocks.5.4.1 Salt Range Thrust This Salt Range thrust brought the oldest formation of the range onto the least disturbed late Cenozoic which is at the base of the alluvium. The thrust zone is usually hidden by recent alluvial deposits and conglomerates. 5.4.2 Pail ThrustAlong this thrust The Amb formation is exposed on the Rawalpindi group. On the southern side of Pail town a scarp face indicates the presence of this thrust.5.4.3 Kalri ThrustAlong this thrust the Salt range formation is exposed above the Warrcha formation5.4.4 Chambalwala Normal FaultAlong this Amb fault formation is exposed in place juxtaposed with HanguFormation, Lockhart Limestone and Patala Formation. Paleocene strata are dipping away from the fault.5.5 JOINTSBlock joints and failures are very common in Eocene limestone and have led to the formation of columnar blocks of limestone.