CONTRACT RESEARCH Despite the validity of large studies, the considerable research to date on parental involvement contains serious organizational and operational flaws. While most specialists and researchers support moving school policy toward greater parental involvement, few agree on what determines effective parental involvement. Confusion persists regarding the activities, goals, and desired outcomes of various parent involvement programs and policies. A major source of this confusion is the lack of scientific completeness in the research that informs practice and policy. For this reason, less is known about parental involvement than is commonly believed. However, early studies suggesting the importance of parental involvement are considered conclusive, regardless of the equivocal nature of the data, used to support the position that all types of parental involvement are important. Furthermore, many programs and policies that promote parental involvement are not clearly based on existing evidence. Reliance on such compromised data can lead to unrealistic expectations about what parent involvement programs and practices are actually capable of accomplishing (Baker, A.J.L., & Soden, L.M., 2014). According to Baker, A.J.L. and Soden, L.M., (2014) , Complexity of Involvement Models, resolves that researchers must take into account the complex and transactional nature of the interrelationships between parental involvement and its outcomes. For example:1. The relationships between the different types of parental involvement.2. The relative importance of different aspects of parental involvement at different times in the student's life.3. The complex processes through which different types of involvement interact to mediate, moderate or...... half of paper ......involvement in children's education: a critical assessment of the knowledge base, prepared for the Council National Jewish Women Center for the Child, New York, NY Editorial Projects in the Education Research Center. (2004, August 4). Issues A to Z: Parental Involvement. Education Week. Retrieved month, day, and year. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/parent-involvement/Grant, C. A., and Potter, A. A. (2011). Models of parent-teacher/school involvement in an era of educational reform, greater diversity and globalization. In E.M. Olivos, O. Jimenez-Castellanos, and A.M. Ochoa (Eds.), Bicultural parent engagement: Advocacy and empowerment, pp. 120-142. New York: Teachers College Press.Parent Involvement Centre, (2012), Copyright © Last modified: November 17, 2012 Retrieved April 30, 2014, http://www.parentinvolvement.ca/recommendations.htm.