Therefore, defense lawyers can argue that Liang is not responsible for the entire scandal because a team of engineers defrauded the US government. This argument represents a use of the principle of fractional responsibility. Liang, however, stated in his guilty plea that he was aware of the engineering team's fraudulent actions. Regardless of his physical involvement in attempting to circumvent the Clean Air Act, Kant's theory shows that Liang acted unethically by lying about his knowledge of team rules.