The desire to justify past efforts so as not to waste their "resources, time or energy". This applies to officials in the Competition DG, who are dedicated only limited resources, time and energy to their various tasks in competition enforcement. This bias is called hindsight bias. Montag argues that "it is understandable, in human terms, that Commission officials sometimes want to advance what they perceive as 'their' case." This problem may occur when case handlers and line managers are reluctant to reject their prior opinions if substantial or legitimate information emerges later in the investigation. In practical terms, the case handler can ignore information that may be adverse to his or her case, working toward his or her original goal of making a decision to justify his or her past efforts, time, and resources. This explains why "the arguments put forward by the parties often seem to fall on deaf ears". Undoubtedly, this raises concerns about the fairness of the decision-making process, so a flaw in the process of applying rules is identified