The software inserted into the engines by Liang's colleagues falsified test results, which is a form of lying. Therefore, one could apply the maxim “I must not lie” to his actions. In a world where every statement is a lie, communication would become meaningless and no rational being could want such a reality. According to Kant, such a reality cannot even be conceived, making the avoidance of lying a perfect duty. This logic clearly condemns Liang's actions, making the implementation of the software unethical according to Kant. Whereas if every person were always sincere, this would tend to lead to preferable consequences, a utilitarian rule would agree that this action is