The California Commission estimated that the death penalty “adds $51 million each year to the cost of federal habeas corpus appeals and proceedings” (Jost "Death Penalty Debates " 972). Post-trial procedures increase costs and appellate review takes a long time, which adds to the costs. Appellate review is automatically granted to anyone sentenced to death and is not always mandatory. It is time consuming because the appeal is filed in the state's highest court as well as in federal court or the last stage known as federal habeas corpus ("capital punishment should be abolished"). The cost within a state is dramatically reduced by substituting life without parole for capital crimes as the maximum sentence. Law professor Cornell Blume states, "We spend a lot of money to execute a very small number of people when we could take that money, spend it elsewhere, and make society a safer place" (qtd. in Jost "Death Penalty Debates" 972). Money saved by cutting costs from not managing executions could be used in programs that aid community policing and new technologies targeted at high-crime areas