This mini case refers to a 32 year old female patient presenting with an abnormal Pap test with a grade of CIN 2, high grade SIL according to the Bethesda System criteria. Educating this patient about the Pap test would be the first step. The Papanicolaous test or “Pap test” is a screening tool used to detect the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells in the cervical canal. CIN II classified as moderate dysplasia, which ensures that it may be likely to develop cancerous cells. These cells are usually precancerous and are more likely to lead to cervical cancer. Dysplasia means disordered growth or development of cells or irregular growth. Although initially a reversible cellular change, untreated dysplasia can develop into carcinoma (Grossman, 2013). A high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on a Pap test does not indicate cancer. It usually indicates what is called moderate or severe dysplasia. However, because the Pap smear is a screening test, the actual changes in the cervix may be worse and actually constitute invasive cervical cancer. This would be very rare and the chance of a Pap smear showing HGSIL and invasive cervical cancer already present would be less than 1%. In fact, only about 1.5% of women who undergo HGSIL Pap tests will progress to invasive cervical cancer within the next 24 months. The doctor will likely perform a colposcopy to determine the patient's cancer risk (familydoctor.org). The virus called human papilloma virus [pap-ah-LO-mah] or HPV often causes changes in the cervix. HPV can lead to cervical cancer (mayoclinic, 2012). In general, doctors recommend starting Pap tests at age 21 and then every two to three years. After the age of 30, the Pap test comes... in the middle of the paper... from various laboratory tests. Oral contraceptives (OCPs) are the first-line treatment for hirsutism, particularly in women who desire contraception. Estrogen/progesterone combinations work by reducing gonadotropin secretion and therefore ovarian androgen production (ncbi.nlm.nih, 2010). Works Cited Grossman, S. (2013). Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States [VitalSouce shelf version]. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781469871639/id/F54-2http://www.wdxcyber.com/npapvg14.htmIndian J Dermatol. 2010 January-March; 55(1): 3–7. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.60342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069067/ http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/news/20071211/obesity-linked -to-infertility-in-womenIndian J Endocrinol Metab. January-February 2013; 17(1): 138–145. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.107858