The fact that violence is extremely widespread is not only a way of life but also the key to success in the neighborhood. In an interview Tupac Shakur looked back on his life as a child where Shakur identified three stages to establishing respect on the street: 1) building a reputation through violence, 2) building name recognition in relation to a gang so that the member's name and his group become synonymous, and 3) establish an active work ethic, i.e. daily and routine participation in violence (as cited by Richardson) "Violence is the result of alienation and marginalization from major job opportunities" (as quoted by Richardson). Because of this marginalization from mainstream employment opportunities and a lack of resources in urban communities, a “subculture[s]… where an underground, illegal economy provided young black men with both the social and economic means to survive” arose ( as cited by Richardson) has